In recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in autism diagnoses in Nigeria. This increase is largely due to improved awareness and better access to diagnostic tools.
Previously, autism was underreported due to limited knowledge and misconceptions, but today, more families are recognizing the signs early on.
What is Autism?
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior.
According to the World Health Organization, autism can be identified in early childhood, and early intervention can significantly improve outcomes.
Epidemiology of Autism in Nigeria
Autism research in Nigeria is still ongoing. However, available studies are reported as follows:
In a landmark hospital-based study, Lagunju et al. (2014) reported that 2.3% of new pediatric neurology cases seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, were diagnosed with autism.
Although this figure does not represent the general population, it highlights that autism is increasingly being recognized in clinical settings in Nigeria.
A school-based survey in Southeast Nigeria (Enugu and Ebonyi States) involving 721 children found that 2.9% met criteria for autism spectrum disorder, suggesting higher-than-expected rates in that region.
A recent scoping review of studies (2000–2024) estimated Nigeria’s prevalence at 0.8%–1.2%, which aligns closely with global figures (~1%). However, the review cautioned that these numbers likely underestimate true prevalence due to stigma, cultural misconceptions, and lack of nationwide data.
A meta-analysis covering the MENA region (which included Nigeria) reported much lower average prevalence rates (~0.13%), further illustrating the wide variability depending on methods and awareness levels.
While autism prevalence in Nigeria is estimated between 1–3%, experts agree that underdiagnosis as a result of factors like stigma and shame, amongst others, remains a major issue.
Early Signs of Autism
Recognizing autism early can make a huge difference. Here are some red flags parents should watch out for:
1. Delayed Speech and Language Milestones: If a child is not babbling by six months or is not using words by the age of one, it could be a sign.
2. Limited Eye Contact: A child who avoids eye contact or has difficulty with social interactions might be exhibiting early signs.
3. Repetitive Behaviors: This includes repetitive movements like pacing, head nodding,hand-flapping, tiptoeing, or an unusual attachment to specific objects.
4. Sensory Sensitivities: Children with autism might be overly sensitive to lights, sounds, textures, or even certain foods.
5. Limited Social Engagement: Lack of interest in interactive play or difficulty in forming relationships with peers can be an indicator.
A perfect understanding of the developmental milestones contributes largely to early detection.
Here are some more age-specific red flags parents in Nigeria should watch out for:
0–12 months
- No babbling, pointing, or smiling by 6–9 months.
- Limited response to name.
- Poor or no eye contact.
12–24 months
- No single words by 16 months.
- No two-word phrases by 24 months.
- Repetitive movements such as rocking or hand-flapping.
- Limited interest in interactive play (e.g., peek-a-boo).
2–3 years and beyond
- Delayed speech or loss of previously acquired words ( speech regression).
- Unusual attachment to specific objects or routines.
- Sensory sensitivities (avoiding certain sounds, textures, lights, or foods).
- Preferring to play alone rather than with peers.
If you notice these signs, don’t wait – early help makes a huge difference. It is, however, also important to note that only one symptom is not enough to make a diagnosis of autism in a child.
Why Early Detection of Autism Matters in Nigeria
Identifying autism early as well as hastening the intervention improves the overall outcome. Children can learn to communicate, manage behaviors, and become more independent through therapy.
Unfortunately, diagnosis in Nigeria is often delayed by a number of factors, at the top of which are stigma, myths, and insufficient resources.
When parents feel concerned about their children’s development, they should often seek professional help to at least sort out their fears and eliminate bias.
How Parents Can Cope
In the Nigerian context, knowledge is power. Here are some steps parents can take:
Educate Yourself: Familiarize yourself with standard developmental milestones. This is especially crucial for first-time parents.
Seek Early Intervention: If you notice any red flags, consult a specialist. Early intervention is key to better outcomes.
Avoid Myths and Stigma: Autism is not caused by spiritual factors. Trust medical advice and seek support from professionals.
Join Support Groups: Connecting with other parents can provide emotional support and practical tips.
Are There Therapies in Nigeria That Can Help Children with Autism?
Therapy does not mean a “cure,” but it provides children with the necessary tools to thrive and achieve their highest potential. A number of therapies that can be useful to these children are available in Nigeria. After a proper assessment, ideal therapy(s) tailored to the child’s needs will be recommended. It’s important to be consistent with recommendations for best outcomes. Options currently available in Nigeria include:
1. Speech and Language Therapy – One of the most important therapies, especially to polish and improve language and communication skills.
2. Occupational Therapy – Helps the child build basic daily life skills like eating, writing, wearing clothes, and so on. It encourages independence.
3. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) – This is a structured approach that teaches and encourages positive behaviors and reduces challenges.
4. Special Education Support – Tailored learning in inclusive or specialized classrooms.
5. Parent Training – This aims to teach parents to support therapy and learning at home through visual schedules, routines, and rewards.
6. Dietary or Biomedical Interventions – Some parents report improvements with diet changes (e.g., reducing gluten/dairy). Evidence is mixed, so always consult a doctor first.
Even though therapies may not be readily accessible everywhere in Nigeria, starting early with whatever support you can access- whether at home or in a therapy clinic- makes a huge difference.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: Is autism curable?
A1: Autism is not curable, but early intervention can significantly improve quality of life.
Q2: At what age should I be concerned about my child’s development?
A2: If you notice any developmental delays or unusual behaviors by the age of twelve months, it’s a good idea to seek professional advice.
Q3: Where can I get support for my child with autism in Nigeria?
A3: There are specialized clinics and support groups in major cities like Lagos and Abuja. Early intervention centers are also available.
Call to Action
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Author
Dr. Chisom Pascaline is a medical writer and autism advocate.
Website: https://www.autismparentingblog.com
Instagram: @autismparentinginnigeria
Collins Nwokolo is a human physiologist, writer and health enthusiast. He loves writing helpful articles on health and fitness, which he enjoys sharing with everyone.
